Collection

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  Emptying Pig Iron from Molds into Car, Pittsburgh, P.A.
  

  Emptying Pig Iron from Molds into Car, Pittsburgh, P.A.

  In view No. 63 you saw the pig iron machine at rest. You viewed it from the end at which the blast furnace stands. You were looking toward the freight cars on the switches in the distance. In these cars, you will recall, the pigs are dropped. This view shows you the opposite end of the pig iron machine. Directly in the foreground and below the machine is the freight car. The first thing you will observe are the great cog gears that turn the spindles about which the pig iron belt revolves. You will observe the heavy steel chain that holds the cast iron boxes in place and yet allows them to revolve about the wheel. This chain is made of links composed of two strips of steel, one on either side of an iron spool. These little spools fit into the cogs on the spindle, and the two steel bars connecting them fit nicely over each cog. You also have here a very distinct view of the cast iron pigs. The three molds at the top of the spindle contain pig iron. Those below have dropped their bars into the car. Most of the pigs fall out of the troughs of their own weight. Occasionally one sticks fast so that it must be tapped to release it. The big hammer, the end of which you see, is to loose these occasional pigs. The entire pig iron belt is about 200 feet long. That is, the car is about 100 feet from the blast furnace. The belt moves very slowly, but not slowly enough to allow the pigs to cool thoroughly by the time they reach the car. Hence water is sprinkled over them by automatic (ô´ t-mt´ k) sprinklers as they pass along. Imagine yourself the man standing in this car. Give a brief talk explaining your duties. Keystone ID: 6531 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Line of Sand Dunes, Columbia River, Oregon
  

  Line of Sand Dunes, Columbia River, Oregon

  On your right in the view flows the Columbia River. On the river bank is a railroad track. To the left of the track is a slender barrier made of boards. This barrier has been built to prevent the sand from burying the railroad tracks. The dunes are low and hills stretching straight ahead of you in the center of the view. The sand is blowing so violently that the foreground of the scene looks like a heavy dust cloud; and it is flying with such force that the man is protecting his face with his hat. Sand dunes are formed like snowdrifts. Perhaps you have seen the wind pick up the snow in great swirls and pile it in drifts along fences. You have seen dust clouds carried by a gale. If you put in the place of the snow or the dust a great stretch of sand, you would have a sand storm, and a sand dune would be formed. In some parts of the world these dunes are from 200 to 300 feet high. But they are usually only from 10 to 20 feet. The dunes usually start about the stump of a tree, a house, or anything solid. Once it is started, the sand continues to gather until a ridge is built. There is a natural limit to its height. The upper wind is stronger than the wind next to the earth, so that after a dune has reached a certain height. The upper wind is stronger than the wind next to the earth, so that after a dune has reached a certain height the wind tears its top off and carries the sand beyond. In many places forests have been the barriers. The dunes may kill the first line of trees; then shift farther into the forest until a great wooded area has been deadened. In some places the dunes have marched over great areas of land that has been tilled, making it useless. On the shores of the Baltic Sea towns have been wiped out by the march of the dunes. Explain how sand dunes are formed. Keystone ID: 6228 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Great Ocean Liners at the Docks, Hoboken, N.J.
  

  Great Ocean Liners at the Docks, Hoboken, N.J.

  When a traveler comes into New York harbor his attention is claimed by a number of things. Undoubtedly the first point of interest is the high buildings of Lower Manhattan. Then he turns for a look at the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. As he goes farther northward towards North River (the lower course of the Hudson), he sees an equally wonderful sight. It is the shipping on the Jersey and Manhattan shores of the North River. On the southwest shore of New York Bay lies Bayonne, N.J. Jersey City is on the west shore of North River opposite Lower Manhattan. Hoboken lies just north of Jersey City-with no real dividing line between the two cities. In effect there is one great city from Bayonne for 15 miles north on the west bank of the Hudson. These cities are admirably located for steamship traffic. They have New York harbor on front of them and a great railroad connection back of them. Most of the railroads leading into the City of New York end on the west shore of the Hudson. Hoboken has a population of 67,611 (1915). It is the most densely populated city in New Jersey. It is the terminal of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; and Jersey City just below it is the terminal of the Erie and the Jersey Central and the freight lines of the Pennsylvania. The steamship lines whose boats put in at its piers are the Hamburg-American, North German Lloyd, Netherlands-American, and Thingvalla. These large vessels are German liners which took refuge in this harbor when the Great European War broke out in 1914. They stayed at their piers to avoid being captured. Keystone ID: 16762 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Niagara Falls in Winter, Niagara, New York
  

  Niagara Falls in Winter, Niagara, New York

  Most people see the Niagara Falls during the summer. This is because most of us take our vacations during the summer months. The falls are worth seeing any season of the year; but they are most wonderful in the winter. You are here looking from Luna Island toward the American falls. A large part of the surface where the water is shallowest is covered with a sheet of ice and snow. The heavier parts of the falls are almost free from the touch of winter. At our backs are the Canadian falls which carry nine times as much water as do the American falls. At the end of the bridge is a tunnel which leads to the big electric power plant a quarter of a mile down stream. In this power plant are installed the great turbine generators which produce almost a half million horse power of electrical energy. This electricity runs the street cars of Buffalo, Syracuse, and other cities in New York, and is transmitted to Cleveland. Father Hennepin was the first white man to see Niagara Falls. He discovered it in 1678. LaSalle built a fort here in 1679. During the war of 1812 many battles were fought about Niagara. The state of New York has reserved 107 acres as a park on the American side of the Falls. Canada has a larger reservation on the Ontario side. On the banks of Niagara Falls is located the city of Niagara Falls. This city has a population of about 43,000 (1915). It is 16 miles north-northwest of Buffalo. Niagara falls has become a great center for manufacture of wood pulp, paper, chemicals, and prepared foods. Several trunk lines of railway cross the Niagara River at this point. The electric power furnished by the Falls adds greatly to its importance. Keystone ID: 171 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Drying and Shipping Nitrate, Chile
  

  Drying and Shipping Nitrate, Chile

  Nitrate is an important chemical fertilizer. It is used to build up poor soils from which crops have largely taken the nitrogen. It is also the principal chemical used in making gunpowder and other explosives. The importance of nitrate during the Great War cannot be too much emphasized. It furnishes powder for the armies, but it also is drawn upon heavily to grow the crops to feed the armies. By far the greatest nitrate fields in the world are in Chile. The nitrate country is almost a desert. Water is rare, and in many cases is piped from the Andes, a hundred or more miles distant. Each refinery is a little mining village. There are more than 150 such "plants," most of which are owned by Englishmen. On the eastern border of Chile are the Andes Mountains. Many miles west of these is a coastal range. Between the two is a valley. In the northern part of this valley are great nitrate and salt beds. These beds are found for 150 miles from north to south. The raw nitrate generally lies very near the surface. Usually it is covered by only a few inches of sand and rock; but sometimes it is several feet below the surface. The layers of sand and rock are blasted loose. Then the "nitrate rock" is broken loose with crowbars and loaded in large chunks on carts or tram-cars. At the refineries it is boiled in a series of large containers. (Much of our iodine is a by-product of nitrate refining.) The nitrate collects on top of the water. The surface coating becomes thicker in each successive tank. Finally it is drawn off, dried, and sacked. Then it is loaded on freight cars and taken to a Pacific seaport and shipped to Europe or America. Iquique (-k´ ka) is the chief nitrate port. Keystone ID: 22369 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  View of Stockholm, Sweden
  

  View of Stockholm, Sweden

  Before you is a bird's-eye view of the capital of Sweden. A part of the water front of the city is to your right. And what looks like the street is more nearly a bridge; for there is water to the extreme left also. All about the city are waterways. For this reason Stockholm is called the "Venice of the North." But the Venice of Italy is built on piles. Stockholm is set upon natural granite. Water and stone abound in Sweden. One acre out of every twelve in the whole country is water, and the granite breaks out in its highlands. Stockholm is an important seaport on the Baltic. Like many other Baltic ports its waters are frozen in winter; but many flags fly in its harbor in the shipping season. The city is the seat of government and an educational center for the country. It has many factories, cotton and linen mills, iron foundries, and sugar refineries. It is about the size of New Orleans. Do you know what we get from Sweden? Its forest supply matches, woodenware, and paper, and its mines furnish high-grade iron. The Swedes are a thrifty, hard-working people. They raise many cattle and sheep, and make butter and cheese. Potatoes, rye, sugar beets, and oats are grown on the small farms. Stockholm is an old city. Its history can be traced for more than 700 years. Out of the gates of its ancient castles marched many armies to battle against the Germans, the Danes, or the Russians. Under two of its kings, Sweden was one of the chief powers of northern Europe. Then Stockholm was the queen city of the Baltic. Keystone ID: 13000 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Tractor at Work Near Lima, Peru
  

  Tractor at Work Near Lima, Peru

  In the southern portions of Peru in the rich valleys farming is carried on extensively. The most common crop, because it is the most profitable, is sugar cane. This cane is grown on large plantations, called haciendas (hä´ s-n´ dä). These are owned chiefly by rich landholders, but sometimes by companies of men. The natives do the labor at so much a day. You will note that modern machinery is used to make the soil ready for planting. Here is a tractor hitched to a narrow and a pulverizer. You will observe that the harrow is fastened between the two sets of wheels. The revolving pulverizer or steel roller is attached behind the second pair of wheels. This tractor is made somewhat differently from the ones commonly used in our fields. This does not have its own power. The power is furnished by an engine at the end of the field, which draws the machinery back and forth by means of a cable. You can see the large disk upon which the cable winds. The engine is located directly ahead of the tractor at the other side of the field. Cane was brought into Peru by the Spaniards. It was formerly tended in an old-fashioned manner by hand. Now most of the sugar estates are fitted up with modern machines similar to the one you see here. More then that, most of the haciendas have little railroads upon which the harvested cane is loaded and hauled to the crusher. There the sap is crushed from the stalks and is boiled down into the form of raw sugar. The annual production of sugar in Peru amounts to more than 175,000 tons. This large amount is grown on a small percentage of the soil that is fitted for sugar production. The soil is so rich that the cane is cut several times every year. Keystone ID: 21869 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Market Scene, Cologne, Germany
  

  Market Scene, Cologne, Germany

  Cologne (k-ln´) is the largest German city on the Rhine, and the chief German port on this river. It has a population of over 500,000. It is a first-class manufacturing center, and one of the strongly fortified cities of the empire. A garrison of about 8,000 men is stationed here all the time. The city gets its name from the Latin word "Colonia", given it by the Romans, because it was a military colony or center, formed by the wife of the Roman emperor, Claudius, in 50 A. D. It soon was made the capital of the Roman province called Lower Germany. During the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries it was one of the most powerful cities in all Europe. It was a great cloth-weaving center, and carried on heavy trade with neighboring cities and countries, particularly with London. Its commerce of to-day is so important that 5 1/2 miles of wharves have been built along the banks of the Rhine. Across the river there is a bridge of boats. It is made of barges, lying side by side, with boards covering them. Sections of the bridge move out of the way to permit the passage of river boats. The city has important machine shops, and manufactures woolen and cotton goods, carpets, cigars, tobacco, chocolate, candles, soap, and perfumery. The perfumery is named after the city-cologne. The chief single point of interest is the great cathedral. This was begun in 1248, and finished in 1883. It is one of the finest specimens of Gothic building in Europe. It is 570 feet long, 200 feet wide, and the towers are 515 feet high. The market scene here shown is chiefly of interest because of the large number of women. The German women do their own gardening, carry the produce to market, and sell it. For what is Cologne noted? Keystone ID: 2002 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Feeding Hereford Cattle, Manhattan, Kansas
  

  Feeding Hereford Cattle, Manhattan, Kansas

  This is a fine herd of Herefords. They are all thoroughbreds that are being made ready for market. These cattle get their name from the county of Herefordshire, in England. Here the breed had its beginning. Herefords came from a stock that had long been used for pulling heavy loads. Hence, they have heavy necks and shoulders, and thickset legs. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, brought the first Herefords into America. For the last 40 years they have been a popular breed among the farmers and cattle raisers of the Middle West. This breed of cattle takes on flesh readily, they are hardy, and their flesh is of fine flavor. They are a good beef cattle. Shorthorns are the heaviest of the beef breeds. Herefords rank next in weight. Stockmen have found that it is more profitable to feed beef cattle for the market while they are young and growing. Corn is the principal food used in the feeding of cattle that are being prepared for market. Many cattle ranches and cattle ranges are found throughout Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, and also on the plains of Oklahoma and Texas. The corn belt extends from Ohio, through Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, to central Kansas and Nebraska. It follows naturally that the corn belt should also be the center of the stock-raising industry. Much alfalfa is grown in these states, and this is also an important factor in stock feeding. The long, narrow troughs from which the cattle are feeding, are filled at regular periods with corn, oil-meal, and other fattening foods, and the cattle come to their meals as regularly as we go to ours. The large shed in the background contains alfalfa. This the cattle may eat at any time they wish. Keystone ID: 16710 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Sponge Market, Key West Harbor, Florida
  

  Sponge Market, Key West Harbor, Florida

  The "sponges" that are sold are only skeletons. Sponges are animals that attach themselves to rocks on the bottoms of warm seas. The openings in the sponge which you buy are, in the live sponge, filled with soft jelly-like matter. This soft substance can be readily squeezed out. Divers collect the sponges from rocks, with long rakes or hooks. These sponges are put into boats, carried to the shore, and there left until the jelly-like matter decays. Then they are washed, dried, sorted, and shipped to market. It is one of these markets at Key west that is here seen. You will observe that the sponges shown are round in shape. This is because their long ends have been trimmed off. Many of the finer varieties are bleached before marketing. Sponges are found in many parts of the world in warm seas. But there are only a few places where sponge fishing is profitable. The best known of these are along the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, and off the coast of Greece and Asia Minor and parts of Africa. In the Western Hemisphere the chief sponge fisheries are off the Florida coast and among the Bahama Islands. Key West is a city of 20,000 inhabitants on the most westerly of the Florida Keys, or islands, in the Gulf of Mexico. Its chief industries are the manufacture of cigars, fancy shellwork, and sponge factories. The city has a great harbor which the government has fortified. Key West is a well-known winter resort. Its most interesting feature is the railroad which leads from the island to the mainland of Florida. This road bridges great stretches of the open gulf, and is the only railroad that is largely built over the waters of the ocean. Keystone ID: 9175 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Title Unknown
  

  Title Unknown

  Description card missing. Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  London Bridge, London England
  

  London Bridge, London England

  There is a number of bridges in London across the Thames. Beginning upstream they are in the following order: Westminster, Waterloo, Blackfriars, Southwark, London, and Tower. This list does not include several railroad bridges. The oldest and busiest of the bridges named is the London Bridge. It was completed in 1831. It is 928 feet long and 63 feet wide. It consists of 5 arches built of granite. The lamp posts that are on the bridge are made of the cannon the English once captured from the French. The traffic on the bridge is heavy at all times. It is bewildering to a stranger on a Bank Holiday. Every day more than 100,000 people walk over the bridge, and more than 20,000 vehicles cross it. You can figure for yourself the amount of traffic it carries in a single year. Nobody knows when the first bridge was built across the Thames near the place where London now stands. But there has been a London Bridge since 1209. The old bridge stood below the present one. It had houses on it in which many people lived. When Elizabeth was Queen of England, the Lord Mayor of London lived in a house on London Bridge. This same Lord Mayor's daughter fell off the bridge into the water. A young servant of the Lord Mayor leaped in and saved her. Of course they were afterwards married, and the young man became the Earl of Leeds. One of the customs of earlier days does not make such a pleasant tale as the love story. Kings and queens were powerful then, and the heads of their courtiers were not very safe. A man might be imprisoned in the Tower one night. Next day his head would be fixed on a spike on London Bridge. The skulls were warnings to all evil-doers. Keystone ID: 2101 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Mt. Vesuvius Seen from the Ruins of Herculaneum, Italy
  

  Mt. Vesuvius Seen from the Ruins of Herculaneum, Italy

  Mount Vesuvius (v-s´v-s) is about ten miles southeast of Naples. It is less than 4,000 feet high. It is the only active volcano on the continent of Europe, and is one of the most interesting in the world. It is a vast area of lava, sand and ashes. No grass or shrubbery grows on the mountain sides. Before 79 A. D. this mountain was covered with farms and gardens. Great grape vineyards, for which Italy is famed, grew on its sides and in the valley below. There were hot springs on the edge of the mountains, and the district roundabout was a favorite health and pleasure resort for the wealthy Romans of that age. Among the fashionable resorts near by was Herculaneum (hûr´kû-l´n-m). On August 24, 79 A. D., suddenly great volumes of steam, hot mud, ashes, and burning rocks were belched forth into the air from the top of Mount Vesuvius. So great was this eruption that the mud and smoke and rocks hurled into the air shut out the light of the sun and even in Rome, 190 miles north of Mount Vesuvius, the day was turned into darkness. Great rivers of molten rock, ashes and mud flowed down the mountain side, burying the farms, gardens and cities completely. In 203, 472 and 512 A. D. there were other eruptions. Then it was quiet for many centuries during which the mountain sides, even to the crater's edge, became overgrown with forests. In 1631 there was another eruption and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries many more, the last one being in 1906. This eruption blew off the top of the cone, made the mountain much lower and completely changed its shape. Much of Herculaneum has been unearthed and we have been able to see just how the people of that day lived. Keystone ID: 7283 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Weaving Linen Fabric, Montreal, Canada
  

  Weaving Linen Fabric, Montreal, Canada

  After the bobbins are filled they are sent to the weaving room. You can see a number of looms busy weavin When sugar beets are pulled, their tops are cut off, and their roots are stacked in great piles. Sometimes these piles are made in the fields where they are grown, and the beets are hauled later to the sugar factory. Such piles are to be seen frequently in Colorado, where there is little rainfall. The heaps are often higher than a man's head, and cover large areas of ground. The roots must be stored indoors before frost comes. They usually are hauled to the factory, where they are dumped into bins such as you see. The beets here have been unloaded from freight cars, into the storage shed. The bins inside these sheds are V-shaped. At the bottom of the bin are little canals through which a stream of water runs to carry the beets to a large washing drum. This drum is partly filled with water. As it turns over and over, the beets are thoroughly washed. You will observe that this pile consists of tons and tons of beets. They are larger than the garden beet, and more irregular in form. They look here somewhat like huge, pointed sweet potatoes. The channel in which the water flows is directly beneath the little valley that extends between the beet ridges the entire length of the shed. After the beets are washed they fall into a chute which carries them to the floor below. Here they drop into a huge slicer, equipped with large knives that revolve from 100 to 150 times a minute. These cut the beets into strips or slices. Different methods are used in different factories to extract the juice from the slices. In some factories the pieces are run through presses, and the juice is squeezed out the same way that cider is squeezed from apples. But there is a less expensive way shown in view 271. The processes of weaving linen are much the same as those of weaving cotton goods. Our great-grandmothers spun by hand many fine pieces of linen for dress goods, and for great-grandfather's pantaloons. The spinning was done on spinning wheels run by the foot. Cloth was woven on hand looms. The methods of weaving in our large factories to-day are much the same as those our great-grandmothers used. One set of linen fibers runs to the loom length-wise. This is called the warp. It is the threads of the warp that you see coming down from the floor above. Each of these threads passes through an eye fastened to a pair of heddles. Each thread then runs between fine wires, set in a narrow, oblong frame. These wires are called reeds. The eyes and the reeds prevent the threads of the warp from becoming tangled. Linen is made as other cloths are made, by shooting the threads of woof cross-wise through the threads of the warp. As one of the heddles lifts its set of threads, the shuttle bearing the threads of the woof travels across between the layers. Then the first heddle drops, and the second rises. The threads of the woof are again shot across. In this way, the fabric is woven very smoothly and very rapidly. They are some linen factories in the United States and in Canada, but the greatest of these are in Europe. Throughout the Netherlands, France, Austria, Great Britain, and Ireland are large linen mills. The linens of Belgium are especially fine. Here are made laces and handkerchiefs. France excels in cambrics and lawns. Keystone ID: 20932 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Poland China Hogs in an Alfalfa Pasture, Kansas
  

  Poland China Hogs in an Alfalfa Pasture, Kansas

  Hogs are extensively raised in the corn belt. Corn and hogs are linked in most farmers' thoughts just as coal and iron ore are with men working in minerals. In seven of our Middle Western meat packing centers, 20,000,000 hogs have been marketed yearly. Chicago is the largest hog market in the world. More than corn is needed to fatten hogs and to keep them healthy. They thrive on red clover. In recent years alfalfa has been more and more used as a forage crop. It is rich in the food that cattle, horses and hogs need, and grows much more rapidly than red clover. It can stand more dry weather, and is, moreover, a good fertilizer for the soil. Alfalfa is raised for hay as well as for pasture. It is cut, dried, and put into barns or stacks for winter feeding. It makes excellent cattle feed in this form. The view shows a fine herd of Poland China hogs enjoying a feed of alfalfa. The Poland China is one of the best varieties of lard hog. That is, its meat is largely fat. It fattens rapidly, and responds well to feeding. It is quiet by nature, and attractive in appearance. Its color is black with white markings. The breed was started in the Miami Valley, Ohio. It is a cross between many kinds of swine, one of which was from China. Another was supposed to have been from Poland, hence the name. For a long time the breed was built up by crossing with other strains, and was spoken of as the Warren County (Ohio) hog. It is now known only as the Poland China. What other breeds of hogs do you know of ? If you wished to raise bacon hogs would you select Poland Chinas? Keystone ID: 16736 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Mosque at St. Sophia, Constantinople
  

  Mosque at St. Sophia, Constantinople

  Everyone who visits Constantinople goes to see this great mosque. It is a wonderful example of Byzantine (b -zn´tn) architecture, although its appearance has been greatly changed by supporting walls, and minarets which have been added. St. Sophia, at first a Christian church, was begun in 532 A. D. and was dedicated in 538. Seven years were spent in gathering together the materials for the building. Columns and carvings from pagan shrines in Greece, Syria and Asia Minor were brought to make this the most beautiful church known. The outside does not even suggest the beauty and charm of the interior, which is lavishly decorated with costly marbles, alabaster and porphyry (pôr´f-r). Its walls were inlaid with stones which gleamed like jewels. In 1453, after a long siege, the Turks took Constantinople. Thousands of Christians took refuge in St. Sophia, expecting a miracle to save them. No miracle occurred. The Turks turned the church into a Mohammedan mosque, built the four minarets and destroyed or covered up the symbols of the Christian religion. Every Friday (for Friday is the Mohammedan Sabbath) a priest reads the Koran is St. Sophia, holding a drawn sword in his hand to show that this church was taken from the Christians by force. The Turkish rule has been cruel and destructive. Constantinople, once the center of the government and learning of the world, became one of the most backward of cities. The Turks were allowed to remain in control because no modern nation was ever willing to allow any other to have it. With the defeat of the Central Powers in the World War, these conditions are changed and Constantinople will probably be internationalized. What is the meaning of internationalized? Keystone ID: 10977 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Wash Day, Nice, France
  

  Wash Day, Nice, France

  Nice (ns) lies on the Riviera (r-vyâ´ rä) or that part of the Mediterranean (md -tr-´ n-n) between Cannes (kån) and Genoa (jn´ -å). It is a noted winter resort. It is a city of 150,000 population, well situated on a broad bay. It is divided into two sections by a stream. On the one side is the old section of the town. The new part, on the other side, is called the Strangers' Quarter. Here are the homes of the winter comers. The Old Town is of more interest to us than is the fashionable section. Most of the streets are narrow. You would call them alley-ways or narrow lanes. Here dwell the natives of Nice. Here was born the famous Italian patriot, Garibaldi (gä´ r-bäl´ d). The stream that flows through Nice is one of its interesting features. In dry weather it is only a slight creek with a broad stony bed. But it is a treacherous bit of water. It rises in the mountains back of Nice and flows down the slopes to the sea very rapidly. Heavy rainstorms often occur in these mountains. Immediately the creek becomes a torrent. Woe then to the boatman who pays no attention to weather; or worse yet to the dozens of women washing clothes in the creek. The flood sweeps over everything in its path. Many women have thus been drowned. Now there is a watcher who signals a rise in the river. When the danger signal appears, there is a scramble for the upland. You might think this scene an unusual one even for Nice. It is not. You are not visiting here on a Monday! Any week day is a washday in Nice. The peasant women carry their bundles of clothes to the side of the stream, and proceed with the washing. Great clothes lines are set up on the banks, and these lines are usually filled with garments. Keystone ID: 11766 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Peat Peddlers, Killarney, Ireland
  

  Peat Peddlers, Killarney, Ireland

  Ireland has some coal fields. But by far the most of the Irish use peat for fuel. It is not nearly so good a fuel as coal, but fortunately Ireland has no severely cold weather. In this view you see the little donkey carts piled high with blocks of peat, topped with bags full of peat. It would appear that the donkeys have heavy loads, but peat is very light so that a cartload pulls easily even over the rough Irish roads. The picture here shown was taken in the village of Killarney near the lakes of the same name. Familiar Irish names can be seen on the signs. The Irish carts are usually built after the style of these you see. Both ends have shafts so the donkey can be hitched to either. Ireland has large boglands. It has 1,500,000 acres of swamps. In these the mosses, reeds, and other marsh plants grow rapidly. They die and are covered with water. This goes on year after year till thick layers of vegetable matter is piled up. The Irish drain the swamps, and cut the layers into slices of peat or turf. Cutting peat is an art that nobody knows so well as the Irish. The top of the peat layer has not decayed enough to be real peat. It is sliced off with a spade, and not used. Then is the time to use the peat knife. This is somewhat like our straw or hay knife. It has a long blade and looks like a spade and knife combined. With it a skillful workman can rapidly cut slice after slice of the soft peat from the layer. The cutting is done in the spring, and the pieces are stacked up to dry in the summer. In the fall they are carted into town or to the country houses. Explain how coal is formed. What is the difference between coal and peat? What other substances are used for fuel? Keystone ID: 6110 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  The Regulator of the World's Clocks, Greenwich, England
  

  The Regulator of the World's Clocks, Greenwich, England

  You know that latitude is the distance, in degrees, north or south of the Equator. For instance Greenwich is marked 51 degrees north. Any place on the Equator had a latitude of zero degrees; that is, none at all. The poles are 90° north or south as the case may be. Longitude is measured in the same way. But there is no Equator running around the world from north to south. So it had been agreed by the nations that one of the meridians is to be called the Prime Meridian. This meridian has zero longitude. A point 10 degrees east of it is called 10° E.; a point 10 degrees west is called 10° W. What is the longitude of New York? The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England, 5 miles from London. Here is located an observatory. A telescope here is so arranged that exactly at 1 o'clock P. M. every day a big colored ball falls from a tower. The clock which you see sets itself at exactly 1:00 P. M. This time is telegraphed instantly to many parts of the world, and all standard clocks are set by it. It is very necessary that time in all parts of the world be regulated. When it is 1:oo P. M. in Greenwich, England, the clocks 180 degrees distant should show 1 A. M. Why? New York time is 4 hours earlier than London time. Why? Chicago time is 1 hour earlier than New York time. Why? What time is it in London now? Greenwich is on the Thames below London. From the observatory can be seen miles of shipping in the Thames. The great English fleet is frequently assembled near here for review. How many time belts are there in the United States? What time is it now in Calcutta? Keystone ID: 6146 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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  Birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, Hodgensville, Kentucky
  

  Birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, Hodgensville, Kentucky

  Here in this cabin was born one of our greatest Presidents. There is but one other who approaches greatness, and that was Washington. The two men were utterly different in almost every way. Washington was born of an aristocratic family and was well educated. On the other hand, Abraham Lincoln came of poor parentage. He had no early education, and he struggled hard to gain the position he finally reached. Unlike Washington, he was always a man of the common people. On September 4, 1916, the spot of ground that is here shown, was set apart "for the people of the United States forever." The Lincoln Farm Association bought this land with the old log cabin on it. They built over the cabin a beautiful Greek temple in order to preserve it. On the date given above, the Association formally presented their gift to the United States. President Wilson, on behalf of the people of the United States, delivered a speech of acceptance. When Lincoln's father settled at this spot there were woods all about. Here the Lincoln family lived until after his mother died. Then they moved to Indiana, and finally Illinois. When a young man he went down the Mississippi on a flat boat and made his first observations on slavery. When he went into politics, the question that stirred him most deeply was that of slavery. He debated against Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, and gained a national reputation as a statesman. He was nominated by the Republican Party, and was elected in 1861. Then followed the four years of Civil War, the most trying time that a President of the United States ever had. Just as the war was over, he was assassinated. Keystone ID: 16741 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.