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Emptying Pig Iron from Molds into Car, Pittsburgh, P.A.
Emptying Pig Iron from Molds into Car, Pittsburgh, P.A.
In view No. 63 you saw the pig iron machine at rest. You viewed it from the end at which the blast furnace stands. You were looking toward the freight cars on the switches in the distance. In these cars, you will recall, the pigs are dropped. This view shows you the opposite end of the pig iron machine. Directly in the foreground and below the machine is the freight car. The first thing you will observe are the great cog gears that turn the spindles about which the pig iron belt revolves. You will observe the heavy steel chain that holds the cast iron boxes in place and yet allows them to revolve about the wheel. This chain is made of links composed of two strips of steel, one on either side of an iron spool. These little spools fit into the cogs on the spindle, and the two steel bars connecting them fit nicely over each cog. You also have here a very distinct view of the cast iron pigs. The three molds at the top of the spindle contain pig iron. Those below have dropped their bars into the car. Most of the pigs fall out of the troughs of their own weight. Occasionally one sticks fast so that it must be tapped to release it. The big hammer, the end of which you see, is to loose these occasional pigs. The entire pig iron belt is about 200 feet long. That is, the car is about 100 feet from the blast furnace. The belt moves very slowly, but not slowly enough to allow the pigs to cool thoroughly by the time they reach the car. Hence water is sprinkled over them by automatic (ô´ t-mt´ k) sprinklers as they pass along. Imagine yourself the man standing in this car. Give a brief talk explaining your duties. Keystone ID: 6531 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Line of Sand Dunes, Columbia River, Oregon
Line of Sand Dunes, Columbia River, Oregon
On your right in the view flows the Columbia River. On the river bank is a railroad track. To the left of the track is a slender barrier made of boards. This barrier has been built to prevent the sand from burying the railroad tracks. The dunes are low and hills stretching straight ahead of you in the center of the view. The sand is blowing so violently that the foreground of the scene looks like a heavy dust cloud; and it is flying with such force that the man is protecting his face with his hat. Sand dunes are formed like snowdrifts. Perhaps you have seen the wind pick up the snow in great swirls and pile it in drifts along fences. You have seen dust clouds carried by a gale. If you put in the place of the snow or the dust a great stretch of sand, you would have a sand storm, and a sand dune would be formed. In some parts of the world these dunes are from 200 to 300 feet high. But they are usually only from 10 to 20 feet. The dunes usually start about the stump of a tree, a house, or anything solid. Once it is started, the sand continues to gather until a ridge is built. There is a natural limit to its height. The upper wind is stronger than the wind next to the earth, so that after a dune has reached a certain height. The upper wind is stronger than the wind next to the earth, so that after a dune has reached a certain height the wind tears its top off and carries the sand beyond. In many places forests have been the barriers. The dunes may kill the first line of trees; then shift farther into the forest until a great wooded area has been deadened. In some places the dunes have marched over great areas of land that has been tilled, making it useless. On the shores of the Baltic Sea towns have been wiped out by the march of the dunes. Explain how sand dunes are formed. Keystone ID: 6228 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Great Ocean Liners at the Docks, Hoboken, N.J.
Great Ocean Liners at the Docks, Hoboken, N.J.
When a traveler comes into New York harbor his attention is claimed by a number of things. Undoubtedly the first point of interest is the high buildings of Lower Manhattan. Then he turns for a look at the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. As he goes farther northward towards North River (the lower course of the Hudson), he sees an equally wonderful sight. It is the shipping on the Jersey and Manhattan shores of the North River. On the southwest shore of New York Bay lies Bayonne, N.J. Jersey City is on the west shore of North River opposite Lower Manhattan. Hoboken lies just north of Jersey City-with no real dividing line between the two cities. In effect there is one great city from Bayonne for 15 miles north on the west bank of the Hudson. These cities are admirably located for steamship traffic. They have New York harbor on front of them and a great railroad connection back of them. Most of the railroads leading into the City of New York end on the west shore of the Hudson. Hoboken has a population of 67,611 (1915). It is the most densely populated city in New Jersey. It is the terminal of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; and Jersey City just below it is the terminal of the Erie and the Jersey Central and the freight lines of the Pennsylvania. The steamship lines whose boats put in at its piers are the Hamburg-American, North German Lloyd, Netherlands-American, and Thingvalla. These large vessels are German liners which took refuge in this harbor when the Great European War broke out in 1914. They stayed at their piers to avoid being captured. Keystone ID: 16762 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Niagara Falls in Winter, Niagara, New York
Niagara Falls in Winter, Niagara, New York
Most people see the Niagara Falls during the summer. This is because most of us take our vacations during the summer months. The falls are worth seeing any season of the year; but they are most wonderful in the winter. You are here looking from Luna Island toward the American falls. A large part of the surface where the water is shallowest is covered with a sheet of ice and snow. The heavier parts of the falls are almost free from the touch of winter. At our backs are the Canadian falls which carry nine times as much water as do the American falls. At the end of the bridge is a tunnel which leads to the big electric power plant a quarter of a mile down stream. In this power plant are installed the great turbine generators which produce almost a half million horse power of electrical energy. This electricity runs the street cars of Buffalo, Syracuse, and other cities in New York, and is transmitted to Cleveland. Father Hennepin was the first white man to see Niagara Falls. He discovered it in 1678. LaSalle built a fort here in 1679. During the war of 1812 many battles were fought about Niagara. The state of New York has reserved 107 acres as a park on the American side of the Falls. Canada has a larger reservation on the Ontario side. On the banks of Niagara Falls is located the city of Niagara Falls. This city has a population of about 43,000 (1915). It is 16 miles north-northwest of Buffalo. Niagara falls has become a great center for manufacture of wood pulp, paper, chemicals, and prepared foods. Several trunk lines of railway cross the Niagara River at this point. The electric power furnished by the Falls adds greatly to its importance. Keystone ID: 171 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
View of Stockholm, Sweden
View of Stockholm, Sweden
Before you is a bird's-eye view of the capital of Sweden. A part of the water front of the city is to your right. And what looks like the street is more nearly a bridge; for there is water to the extreme left also. All about the city are waterways. For this reason Stockholm is called the "Venice of the North." But the Venice of Italy is built on piles. Stockholm is set upon natural granite. Water and stone abound in Sweden. One acre out of every twelve in the whole country is water, and the granite breaks out in its highlands. Stockholm is an important seaport on the Baltic. Like many other Baltic ports its waters are frozen in winter; but many flags fly in its harbor in the shipping season. The city is the seat of government and an educational center for the country. It has many factories, cotton and linen mills, iron foundries, and sugar refineries. It is about the size of New Orleans. Do you know what we get from Sweden? Its forest supply matches, woodenware, and paper, and its mines furnish high-grade iron. The Swedes are a thrifty, hard-working people. They raise many cattle and sheep, and make butter and cheese. Potatoes, rye, sugar beets, and oats are grown on the small farms. Stockholm is an old city. Its history can be traced for more than 700 years. Out of the gates of its ancient castles marched many armies to battle against the Germans, the Danes, or the Russians. Under two of its kings, Sweden was one of the chief powers of northern Europe. Then Stockholm was the queen city of the Baltic. Keystone ID: 13000 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Market Scene, Cologne, Germany
Market Scene, Cologne, Germany
Cologne (k-ln´) is the largest German city on the Rhine, and the chief German port on this river. It has a population of over 500,000. It is a first-class manufacturing center, and one of the strongly fortified cities of the empire. A garrison of about 8,000 men is stationed here all the time. The city gets its name from the Latin word "Colonia", given it by the Romans, because it was a military colony or center, formed by the wife of the Roman emperor, Claudius, in 50 A. D. It soon was made the capital of the Roman province called Lower Germany. During the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries it was one of the most powerful cities in all Europe. It was a great cloth-weaving center, and carried on heavy trade with neighboring cities and countries, particularly with London. Its commerce of to-day is so important that 5 1/2 miles of wharves have been built along the banks of the Rhine. Across the river there is a bridge of boats. It is made of barges, lying side by side, with boards covering them. Sections of the bridge move out of the way to permit the passage of river boats. The city has important machine shops, and manufactures woolen and cotton goods, carpets, cigars, tobacco, chocolate, candles, soap, and perfumery. The perfumery is named after the city-cologne. The chief single point of interest is the great cathedral. This was begun in 1248, and finished in 1883. It is one of the finest specimens of Gothic building in Europe. It is 570 feet long, 200 feet wide, and the towers are 515 feet high. The market scene here shown is chiefly of interest because of the large number of women. The German women do their own gardening, carry the produce to market, and sell it. For what is Cologne noted? Keystone ID: 2002 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Feeding Hereford Cattle, Manhattan, Kansas
Feeding Hereford Cattle, Manhattan, Kansas
This is a fine herd of Herefords. They are all thoroughbreds that are being made ready for market. These cattle get their name from the county of Herefordshire, in England. Here the breed had its beginning. Herefords came from a stock that had long been used for pulling heavy loads. Hence, they have heavy necks and shoulders, and thickset legs. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, brought the first Herefords into America. For the last 40 years they have been a popular breed among the farmers and cattle raisers of the Middle West. This breed of cattle takes on flesh readily, they are hardy, and their flesh is of fine flavor. They are a good beef cattle. Shorthorns are the heaviest of the beef breeds. Herefords rank next in weight. Stockmen have found that it is more profitable to feed beef cattle for the market while they are young and growing. Corn is the principal food used in the feeding of cattle that are being prepared for market. Many cattle ranches and cattle ranges are found throughout Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, and also on the plains of Oklahoma and Texas. The corn belt extends from Ohio, through Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, to central Kansas and Nebraska. It follows naturally that the corn belt should also be the center of the stock-raising industry. Much alfalfa is grown in these states, and this is also an important factor in stock feeding. The long, narrow troughs from which the cattle are feeding, are filled at regular periods with corn, oil-meal, and other fattening foods, and the cattle come to their meals as regularly as we go to ours. The large shed in the background contains alfalfa. This the cattle may eat at any time they wish. Keystone ID: 16710 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Sponge Market, Key West Harbor, Florida
Sponge Market, Key West Harbor, Florida
The "sponges" that are sold are only skeletons. Sponges are animals that attach themselves to rocks on the bottoms of warm seas. The openings in the sponge which you buy are, in the live sponge, filled with soft jelly-like matter. This soft substance can be readily squeezed out. Divers collect the sponges from rocks, with long rakes or hooks. These sponges are put into boats, carried to the shore, and there left until the jelly-like matter decays. Then they are washed, dried, sorted, and shipped to market. It is one of these markets at Key west that is here seen. You will observe that the sponges shown are round in shape. This is because their long ends have been trimmed off. Many of the finer varieties are bleached before marketing. Sponges are found in many parts of the world in warm seas. But there are only a few places where sponge fishing is profitable. The best known of these are along the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, and off the coast of Greece and Asia Minor and parts of Africa. In the Western Hemisphere the chief sponge fisheries are off the Florida coast and among the Bahama Islands. Key West is a city of 20,000 inhabitants on the most westerly of the Florida Keys, or islands, in the Gulf of Mexico. Its chief industries are the manufacture of cigars, fancy shellwork, and sponge factories. The city has a great harbor which the government has fortified. Key West is a well-known winter resort. Its most interesting feature is the railroad which leads from the island to the mainland of Florida. This road bridges great stretches of the open gulf, and is the only railroad that is largely built over the waters of the ocean. Keystone ID: 9175 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
London Bridge, London England
London Bridge, London England
There is a number of bridges in London across the Thames. Beginning upstream they are in the following order: Westminster, Waterloo, Blackfriars, Southwark, London, and Tower. This list does not include several railroad bridges. The oldest and busiest of the bridges named is the London Bridge. It was completed in 1831. It is 928 feet long and 63 feet wide. It consists of 5 arches built of granite. The lamp posts that are on the bridge are made of the cannon the English once captured from the French. The traffic on the bridge is heavy at all times. It is bewildering to a stranger on a Bank Holiday. Every day more than 100,000 people walk over the bridge, and more than 20,000 vehicles cross it. You can figure for yourself the amount of traffic it carries in a single year. Nobody knows when the first bridge was built across the Thames near the place where London now stands. But there has been a London Bridge since 1209. The old bridge stood below the present one. It had houses on it in which many people lived. When Elizabeth was Queen of England, the Lord Mayor of London lived in a house on London Bridge. This same Lord Mayor's daughter fell off the bridge into the water. A young servant of the Lord Mayor leaped in and saved her. Of course they were afterwards married, and the young man became the Earl of Leeds. One of the customs of earlier days does not make such a pleasant tale as the love story. Kings and queens were powerful then, and the heads of their courtiers were not very safe. A man might be imprisoned in the Tower one night. Next day his head would be fixed on a spike on London Bridge. The skulls were warnings to all evil-doers. Keystone ID: 2101 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Mt. Vesuvius Seen from the Ruins of Herculaneum, Italy
Mt. Vesuvius Seen from the Ruins of Herculaneum, Italy
Mount Vesuvius (v-s´v-s) is about ten miles southeast of Naples. It is less than 4,000 feet high. It is the only active volcano on the continent of Europe, and is one of the most interesting in the world. It is a vast area of lava, sand and ashes. No grass or shrubbery grows on the mountain sides. Before 79 A. D. this mountain was covered with farms and gardens. Great grape vineyards, for which Italy is famed, grew on its sides and in the valley below. There were hot springs on the edge of the mountains, and the district roundabout was a favorite health and pleasure resort for the wealthy Romans of that age. Among the fashionable resorts near by was Herculaneum (hûr´kû-l´n-m). On August 24, 79 A. D., suddenly great volumes of steam, hot mud, ashes, and burning rocks were belched forth into the air from the top of Mount Vesuvius. So great was this eruption that the mud and smoke and rocks hurled into the air shut out the light of the sun and even in Rome, 190 miles north of Mount Vesuvius, the day was turned into darkness. Great rivers of molten rock, ashes and mud flowed down the mountain side, burying the farms, gardens and cities completely. In 203, 472 and 512 A. D. there were other eruptions. Then it was quiet for many centuries during which the mountain sides, even to the crater's edge, became overgrown with forests. In 1631 there was another eruption and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries many more, the last one being in 1906. This eruption blew off the top of the cone, made the mountain much lower and completely changed its shape. Much of Herculaneum has been unearthed and we have been able to see just how the people of that day lived. Keystone ID: 7283 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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