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Zinc and Lead Mines, Joplin, M.O.
Zinc and Lead Mines, Joplin, M.O.
Joplin, Missouri, is the center of our zinc and lead production. In 1915 the United States produced over 460,000 tons of crude zinc, valued at $45,000,000. In the same year our mines produced 500,000 tons of lead, valued at $40,000,000. Missouri leads all other states in the production of both minerals. Zinc is not mined as a free substance. That is, it is found combined with other elements such as sulphides, carbonates, oxides, etc. By carefully worked out processes of heating, zinc is reduced from these compounds. The metal is much usedas an alloy with copper to produce brass. It is also used for roofing, and for coating or galvanizing iron to prevent rusting. The United States is the largest zinc producer in the world. Lead, like zinc, is obtained from a compound. The chief ore from which lead comes is the sulphide which is mined is grayish, shiny cubes. There are a number of processes of securing the lead from the ore; but heat is the chief factor in each. Afterwards the crude lead is refined by still more heating. Lead is a very valuable mineral. It is used largely in making bullets and shot. Air and water have little effect on it so it is used for piping, roofing, and lining of tanks. The view shows a shaft house that sets over the entrance to a zinc and lead mine. In this house is the machinery that runs the shaft elevator to bring men and minerals from the mine. The smelter you also can see on the right. Here the mined ores are refined into the crude metals. The pile in the background is called the tailing pile. It is made up of the tailings or left-over minerals from which the metals have been taken. Locate Joplin. What mountains are in southern Missouri? Keystone ID: 16704 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Zeppelin Flying Over a German Town
Zeppelin Flying Over a German Town
The only lighter-than-air machines that have been made that can be directed and controlled are the dirigibles (dr´-j-b'ls). Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (zp´-ln), a German, spent much of his life trying to make the dirigible a success. Largely due to his work, Germany stood first in the development of dirigibles for many years. In fact, his name was commonly given to these German machines. For a number of years Germany had regular carrying routes for the Zeppelin. Passengers and mails were carried from point to point. Some of these huge machines were 600 feet long and 50 feet in diameter. They are long, cigar-shaped, rigid balloons. The large gas bags, made into compartments, support cars swung beneath. These cars carry passengers, merchandise, or guns, and also the large motors which propel the machine. During the Great European War, the Germans used the Zeppelins to terrorize the people of England and France. They frequently crossed the English Channel to bombard British cities. From thousands of feet in the air, bombs were dropped on peaceful towns, killing men, women and children. The British and French used airplanes and anti-aircraft guns as a means of defense. Many Zeppelins were thus brought down. In a running battle the large airplanes were too speedy for the cumbrous dirigible. The French and British have also perfected large dirigibles. These were used in the Great War for observation purposes largely. Our own army is similarly supplied. But the Allied armies depended largely on airplanes to report enemy movements. Airplanes are far more important as engines of war than are dirigibles. Keystone ID: 18000 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
York, England
York, England
York is one of England's famous old cities. It is famous because of its age, and also because of its fine cathedral. It is on the Ouse River in Yorkshire ("shire" is pronounced "shear"), the largest county of England. Locate it on your map. Yorkshire was one of the strongholds of the Romans when they hold Briton. In York many famous Roman generals lived at one time or another. The great emperor Hadrian lived here once. The father of Constantine the Great died here. English history picks York our as the place where the first Parliament was held in 1160. The view shows the cathedral in the distance. It is a fine example of three centuries of architecture. The building was begun in 1171 and was finished in 1472, twenty years before the discovery of America. The church is built like a cross with two fine square towers at the front entrance, and a heavier central square tower without spires. Find these in the picture. York was once a walled city. The wall still remains with its four gates, called "bars." It is this wall you see running along the left side of the view. Like most of the walls about old cities, it has a pathway on top protected by a raised part of the outer layer of the main wall. Notice the picture. Observe the loop-holes in this wall. What were they used for? Yorkshire is one of England's fine farming counties. It is noted for its dairying. Yorkshire pudding, which every Englishman expects with his roast beef, is known the world over. Yorkshire was the home of Robin Hood and his "Merrie Men." Here are the forests through which Little John and his chief followed the deer. Along the Yorkshire highways Robin Hood held up many rich travelers. Keystone ID: 3015 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Workmen Cutting Leather for Shoes, Lynn, Mass.
Workmen Cutting Leather for Shoes, Lynn, Mass.
Formerly each farmer tanned his own hides, or there was a small tannery in the neighborhood which brought up the skins and did the tanning for a locality. Each year a shoemaker made the rounds of all the homes in a community, and made shoes or boots for every member of the family. In doing this, he would his wooden last for the largest foot in the household. When the boots or shoes had been fashioned for the first pair, he would trim down the last to the next largest in size; and so on until the family was supplied down to the smallest child. A bit later, each community had it shoemaker's shop. This shoemaker bought his leather form the tannery and made boots and shoes for the people of the neighborhood, who came to his place to have their feet measured. Now the entire industry is changed. We go to a store, select our pair of shoes, and our part of the business is done. But this is the smallest and the easiest part. Such factories as this great one shown here are busy turning out shoes. The total value of boots and shoes manufactured in the United States, according to the 1910 census, amounted to almost $700,000,000. Massachusetts takes first rank in this industry. To the boot and shoe factories comes leather from Russia, South America, Texas, France, Germany, England, and even far away China and Korea. These workman in the view are cutting leather. One man cuts out only certain parts. You can tell this by the product the first workman on the right is turning out. All his pieces are the same shape. The shoes on which these men are working are extra fine. Usually the cutting is done by machines. The United States is the home of the machine-made boot and shoe. Keystone ID: 22188 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wordsworth's Home, Rydal Mount, England
Wordsworth's Home, Rydal Mount, England
Here is a view of Wordsworth's house-his home for almost 40 years. It is the sort of place that would please a lover of nature, and a fit surrounding for England's greatest nature poet. Wordsworth loved the outdoors. He saw beauty enough in a bed of daffodils to comfort his mind in sickness. The birds of the wood-the thrush, the cuckoo, the nightingale-furnished him music. He saw the lakes in their quiet and adored their calm. He wondered at the passing cloud and the silent mysteries locked in the hills and forests. We owe more to Wordsworth for our love of the outdoors than to any other author. When a boy he liked to take long rambles alone, to sit and think in the woods away from people. He liked to follow the winding paths through the hills, or the road that had a stream for its comrade. He was not a poet of books: he wrote what he saw and felt when with Nature. What American poets have loved and written about the outdoors? His home at Rydal Mount is backed by hills with Rydal Water, a little lake, near by. Rydal Water lies between Lake Grasmere and Lake Windmere. All these are in Westmoreland County in England. The whole section about here is called the Lake District. It is a country of mountains and lakes. For a long time in the early eighteen hundreds it was the center of English poetry. Many noted authors took up their homes here. Today it is one of the places a lover of poetry and of natural beauty visits on a trip to England. Wordsworth did for this section what Burns and Scott did for Scotland. Observe the artistic arrangement of the shrubbery. Do you know any of the trees and shrubs you see here? Keystone ID: 13123 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wood Carriers of Seoul, Chosen
Wood Carriers of Seoul, Chosen
The northern part of Chosen (ch´ sn) is crossed by a range of snow-capped mountains, heavily wooded. Following the foothills and the ravines there are hundreds of acres of forest untouched by the axe. Here are the wild animals sought out by Korean hunters. Wolves, wild dogs, and tigers, to say nothing of the smaller species of the furry tribes, are to be found. Wherever there are forests in Chosen, they contain fine trees of maple, oak, pine, ash, and birch. But about the cities and along parts of the shore the woods have disappeared. The natives say the trees were destroyed by a great forest fire which raged for 7 years. Perhaps this is a myth, but it is likely that fires helped to make the country barren of trees. But some of the timber has been used for building purposes, and a great deal of it has been made into firewood and charcoal. Still, the untouched forests of Chosen are one of its sources of riches. Seoul (s-l´), the capital of Chosen, is a large city. It has a railway, telephone and telegraph systems, and an electric street railway that connects with points 3 miles outside the city limits. One of the problems is to get a supply of fuel into the city. The country is rich in coal deposits, but there are only beginning to be worked. The woods around Seoul have disappeared. You see here one way the problem is being solved. These men have carried into Seoul, from a long distance, a big load of wood apiece. They cord the wood on a kind of wood-hod or rack, rope the sticks on the frame, shoulder their burdens, and walk. The Korean men are strong, active fellows, interesting, and bright. They are considerably smaller than the average American man. They belong to the yellow race and are more like the Chinese than the Japanese. To what country does Chosen belong? Keystone ID: 20601 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Women Weeding a Field of Sugar Beets, Sweden
Women Weeding a Field of Sugar Beets, Sweden
Sugar is now looked upon as a necessity among peoples of the temperate zones. A large part of our sugar is made from the sap of sugar cane. But almost an equal amount of the world's supply of sugar is obtained from the sugar beet. In the early part of the nineteenth century the British fleet blockaded French ports in the wars with Napoleon. At that time almost all the sugar came from cane. Napoleon ordered his chemists to find a plant that would take the place of sugar cane. The sugar beet industry thus came about. The plants are grown from seed, and are so tender when young that they must be cultivated by hand. A great many workmen are therefore needed in the fields. Europe is thickly populated, so that field hands are plentiful. The sugar beet grows best in a climate that is cooler than is needed for corn, and it demands a great deal of moisture. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, and Russia are well adapted to growing the beets. In the picture is shown a group of Swedish women busy weeding a large field of sugar beets. This is not a strange sight, for women in most European countries work on the farms. You will notice the little weeders each of them holds, and the careful way they work. When the beets are larger, hoes or cultivators are used. When mature, the beets are pulled, and hauled to a factory. There the juice is taken out of them, and made into sugar. The field pictured is in southern Sweden. Most of the farms of Sweden are very small. In many cases they are only little garden strips. This is partly because of a Swedish law that requires all lands to be divided equally among the children on the death of the parents. Keystone ID: 13017 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon
Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon
Long before we were human beings on the earth, there stood, where this peak now is, a mountain now called Mount Mazoma. Mount Mazoma was only one of the many great volcanoes in the range of Mount Baker, Mount Rainier (r-nr´), Mount Adams, Mount Lassen, Mount Hood, and Mount Shasta were a part. It was these volcanoes that built up the Cascade Mountains, by their vomitings of lava. In an eruption Mount Rainier blew its own top off. Mount Mazoma did something even more wonderful. It swallowed itself. That is, its outpourings of lava opened such a great cave beneath its center, that its whole top fell in. But the volcano was still active. It cast up 2 or 3 peaks within the great crater formed by the sinking of the main peak. As the volcano cooled, the crater filled with water. It formed what is now called Crater Lake. One of these little peaks is shown in the view. It is called Wizard Island. Crater Lake is a generally round body of water with a diameter of about 5½ miles. In some places its depth is 2,000 feet. The lake has no outlet. It is supposed that its waters escape underground and reappear in the Klamath River a few miles away. The little cone of Wizard Island also has a crater which is 150 feet deep. The Indians believed that two great spirits warred about this spot. The animals in the lake were the friends of one spirit and the animals in the near-by marsh land were the friends of the other spirit. Finally the marsh spirit killed the lake spirit and threw parts of the body into the water. The animals in the lake ate all the pieces but the head. This head, according to the Indian tale, is Wizard Island. Keystone ID: 14103 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Winding Bobbins With Woolen Yarn, Philadelphia, P.A.
Winding Bobbins With Woolen Yarn, Philadelphia, P.A.
In the manufacture of wooden cloth the processes are many, but they are really simple. Briefly stated, they are as follows. The fibers of the wool are cleaned, straightened, and twisted into threads. These threads are put into looms, one set running lengthwise. Crosswise threads are shot between the lengthwise threads by shuttles. The 2 sets of threads are beaten together finally, and cloth is thus formed. When the wool comes to the factory it must first be sorted. This is to get the fibers of different lengths and qualities in the same groups. From these different groups different qualities of cloth will be woven. The wool is next scoured to clean it of its grease and dirt. The scoured wool goes to the carding machine which separates the fibers from each other. Then comes the combing which takes out the curl from the fibers and which also lays them parallel to each other. Then follows the drawing. This draws the layers out and combines them with other layers until at last the fibers become roving. Roving is a loose, thick thread which has little strength, because the fibers are merely laid side by side and scarcely twisted. The roving is twisted to the right size so that the fibers lie closely together. This gives them their strength. It is at this point that the process shown begins. As the yarn is spun it is wound on the bobbins that you see here. The bobbins that are intended to be used in the warp, or the lengthwise threads of the cloth, are sent to the dressing room to be placed on a loom ready for weaving. The yarn used for the cross threads, or weft, is wound on small bobbins and sent to the weft room. Trace one of the threads that is being wound on a bobbin. Keystone ID: 22128 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Winding Bobbins in Linen Mill, Montreal, Canada
Winding Bobbins in Linen Mill, Montreal, Canada
Linen is a cloth made of the fibers of flax. We find mention of linen clothes and of flax in our earliest writings. In some of the dwellings of the ancients that have been unearthed, bundles of flax have been discovered. At present, flax is cultivated for its seed and for its fibers. Most of the flax grown in the United States and in India is raised for its seed. From the seed, is extracted oil used in paints, oilcloth, and linoleum. In Russia, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Italy, Scotland, and Ireland Flax is grown for its fiber. Nearly all the flax that is used in making clothes is grown in Europe. Russia produces 80% of it. Full-grown flax has a slender, straight stem about waist high. When it is to be used for its fiber, it is cut before it is ripe. The flax is pulled, tied in bundles, and the seeds are pulled off. Then the bundles are laid in piles, are retted, or rotted, until the woody portion is decayed. This outer, woody part is taken off by hand, or run through scutching machines. The freed fibers are then tied into bundles and shipped to spinning and weaving mills. The first process in the weaving is to heckle the fibers. In this process the long fibers are combed from the short fibers. Then the fibers are sorted and coiled into bundles known as slivers. After the fibers have been drawn to the proper length, they are placed in the roving machine here shown. You see the hanks of roving hanging on the right. The woman on the left is placing one of the hanks in the mill on a spindle. From these spindles the thread is wound on the bobbins. You see thousands of these bobbins on the top of the machine. The white ones are wound with thread. The dark ones are empty. Keystone ID: 20927 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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