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Zinc and Lead Mines, Joplin, M.O.
Zinc and Lead Mines, Joplin, M.O.
Joplin, Missouri, is the center of our zinc and lead production. In 1915 the United States produced over 460,000 tons of crude zinc, valued at $45,000,000. In the same year our mines produced 500,000 tons of lead, valued at $40,000,000. Missouri leads all other states in the production of both minerals. Zinc is not mined as a free substance. That is, it is found combined with other elements such as sulphides, carbonates, oxides, etc. By carefully worked out processes of heating, zinc is reduced from these compounds. The metal is much usedas an alloy with copper to produce brass. It is also used for roofing, and for coating or galvanizing iron to prevent rusting. The United States is the largest zinc producer in the world. Lead, like zinc, is obtained from a compound. The chief ore from which lead comes is the sulphide which is mined is grayish, shiny cubes. There are a number of processes of securing the lead from the ore; but heat is the chief factor in each. Afterwards the crude lead is refined by still more heating. Lead is a very valuable mineral. It is used largely in making bullets and shot. Air and water have little effect on it so it is used for piping, roofing, and lining of tanks. The view shows a shaft house that sets over the entrance to a zinc and lead mine. In this house is the machinery that runs the shaft elevator to bring men and minerals from the mine. The smelter you also can see on the right. Here the mined ores are refined into the crude metals. The pile in the background is called the tailing pile. It is made up of the tailings or left-over minerals from which the metals have been taken. Locate Joplin. What mountains are in southern Missouri? Keystone ID: 16704 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Zeppelin Flying Over a German Town
Zeppelin Flying Over a German Town
The only lighter-than-air machines that have been made that can be directed and controlled are the dirigibles (dr´-j-b'ls). Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (zp´-ln), a German, spent much of his life trying to make the dirigible a success. Largely due to his work, Germany stood first in the development of dirigibles for many years. In fact, his name was commonly given to these German machines. For a number of years Germany had regular carrying routes for the Zeppelin. Passengers and mails were carried from point to point. Some of these huge machines were 600 feet long and 50 feet in diameter. They are long, cigar-shaped, rigid balloons. The large gas bags, made into compartments, support cars swung beneath. These cars carry passengers, merchandise, or guns, and also the large motors which propel the machine. During the Great European War, the Germans used the Zeppelins to terrorize the people of England and France. They frequently crossed the English Channel to bombard British cities. From thousands of feet in the air, bombs were dropped on peaceful towns, killing men, women and children. The British and French used airplanes and anti-aircraft guns as a means of defense. Many Zeppelins were thus brought down. In a running battle the large airplanes were too speedy for the cumbrous dirigible. The French and British have also perfected large dirigibles. These were used in the Great War for observation purposes largely. Our own army is similarly supplied. But the Allied armies depended largely on airplanes to report enemy movements. Airplanes are far more important as engines of war than are dirigibles. Keystone ID: 18000 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
York, England
York, England
York is one of England's famous old cities. It is famous because of its age, and also because of its fine cathedral. It is on the Ouse River in Yorkshire ("shire" is pronounced "shear"), the largest county of England. Locate it on your map. Yorkshire was one of the strongholds of the Romans when they hold Briton. In York many famous Roman generals lived at one time or another. The great emperor Hadrian lived here once. The father of Constantine the Great died here. English history picks York our as the place where the first Parliament was held in 1160. The view shows the cathedral in the distance. It is a fine example of three centuries of architecture. The building was begun in 1171 and was finished in 1472, twenty years before the discovery of America. The church is built like a cross with two fine square towers at the front entrance, and a heavier central square tower without spires. Find these in the picture. York was once a walled city. The wall still remains with its four gates, called "bars." It is this wall you see running along the left side of the view. Like most of the walls about old cities, it has a pathway on top protected by a raised part of the outer layer of the main wall. Notice the picture. Observe the loop-holes in this wall. What were they used for? Yorkshire is one of England's fine farming counties. It is noted for its dairying. Yorkshire pudding, which every Englishman expects with his roast beef, is known the world over. Yorkshire was the home of Robin Hood and his "Merrie Men." Here are the forests through which Little John and his chief followed the deer. Along the Yorkshire highways Robin Hood held up many rich travelers. Keystone ID: 3015 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Workmen Cutting Leather for Shoes, Lynn, Mass.
Workmen Cutting Leather for Shoes, Lynn, Mass.
Formerly each farmer tanned his own hides, or there was a small tannery in the neighborhood which brought up the skins and did the tanning for a locality. Each year a shoemaker made the rounds of all the homes in a community, and made shoes or boots for every member of the family. In doing this, he would his wooden last for the largest foot in the household. When the boots or shoes had been fashioned for the first pair, he would trim down the last to the next largest in size; and so on until the family was supplied down to the smallest child. A bit later, each community had it shoemaker's shop. This shoemaker bought his leather form the tannery and made boots and shoes for the people of the neighborhood, who came to his place to have their feet measured. Now the entire industry is changed. We go to a store, select our pair of shoes, and our part of the business is done. But this is the smallest and the easiest part. Such factories as this great one shown here are busy turning out shoes. The total value of boots and shoes manufactured in the United States, according to the 1910 census, amounted to almost $700,000,000. Massachusetts takes first rank in this industry. To the boot and shoe factories comes leather from Russia, South America, Texas, France, Germany, England, and even far away China and Korea. These workman in the view are cutting leather. One man cuts out only certain parts. You can tell this by the product the first workman on the right is turning out. All his pieces are the same shape. The shoes on which these men are working are extra fine. Usually the cutting is done by machines. The United States is the home of the machine-made boot and shoe. Keystone ID: 22188 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wordsworth's Home, Rydal Mount, England
Wordsworth's Home, Rydal Mount, England
Here is a view of Wordsworth's house-his home for almost 40 years. It is the sort of place that would please a lover of nature, and a fit surrounding for England's greatest nature poet. Wordsworth loved the outdoors. He saw beauty enough in a bed of daffodils to comfort his mind in sickness. The birds of the wood-the thrush, the cuckoo, the nightingale-furnished him music. He saw the lakes in their quiet and adored their calm. He wondered at the passing cloud and the silent mysteries locked in the hills and forests. We owe more to Wordsworth for our love of the outdoors than to any other author. When a boy he liked to take long rambles alone, to sit and think in the woods away from people. He liked to follow the winding paths through the hills, or the road that had a stream for its comrade. He was not a poet of books: he wrote what he saw and felt when with Nature. What American poets have loved and written about the outdoors? His home at Rydal Mount is backed by hills with Rydal Water, a little lake, near by. Rydal Water lies between Lake Grasmere and Lake Windmere. All these are in Westmoreland County in England. The whole section about here is called the Lake District. It is a country of mountains and lakes. For a long time in the early eighteen hundreds it was the center of English poetry. Many noted authors took up their homes here. Today it is one of the places a lover of poetry and of natural beauty visits on a trip to England. Wordsworth did for this section what Burns and Scott did for Scotland. Observe the artistic arrangement of the shrubbery. Do you know any of the trees and shrubs you see here? Keystone ID: 13123 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wood Carriers of Seoul, Chosen
Wood Carriers of Seoul, Chosen
The northern part of Chosen (ch´ sn) is crossed by a range of snow-capped mountains, heavily wooded. Following the foothills and the ravines there are hundreds of acres of forest untouched by the axe. Here are the wild animals sought out by Korean hunters. Wolves, wild dogs, and tigers, to say nothing of the smaller species of the furry tribes, are to be found. Wherever there are forests in Chosen, they contain fine trees of maple, oak, pine, ash, and birch. But about the cities and along parts of the shore the woods have disappeared. The natives say the trees were destroyed by a great forest fire which raged for 7 years. Perhaps this is a myth, but it is likely that fires helped to make the country barren of trees. But some of the timber has been used for building purposes, and a great deal of it has been made into firewood and charcoal. Still, the untouched forests of Chosen are one of its sources of riches. Seoul (s-l´), the capital of Chosen, is a large city. It has a railway, telephone and telegraph systems, and an electric street railway that connects with points 3 miles outside the city limits. One of the problems is to get a supply of fuel into the city. The country is rich in coal deposits, but there are only beginning to be worked. The woods around Seoul have disappeared. You see here one way the problem is being solved. These men have carried into Seoul, from a long distance, a big load of wood apiece. They cord the wood on a kind of wood-hod or rack, rope the sticks on the frame, shoulder their burdens, and walk. The Korean men are strong, active fellows, interesting, and bright. They are considerably smaller than the average American man. They belong to the yellow race and are more like the Chinese than the Japanese. To what country does Chosen belong? Keystone ID: 20601 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Women Weeding a Field of Sugar Beets, Sweden
Women Weeding a Field of Sugar Beets, Sweden
Sugar is now looked upon as a necessity among peoples of the temperate zones. A large part of our sugar is made from the sap of sugar cane. But almost an equal amount of the world's supply of sugar is obtained from the sugar beet. In the early part of the nineteenth century the British fleet blockaded French ports in the wars with Napoleon. At that time almost all the sugar came from cane. Napoleon ordered his chemists to find a plant that would take the place of sugar cane. The sugar beet industry thus came about. The plants are grown from seed, and are so tender when young that they must be cultivated by hand. A great many workmen are therefore needed in the fields. Europe is thickly populated, so that field hands are plentiful. The sugar beet grows best in a climate that is cooler than is needed for corn, and it demands a great deal of moisture. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, and Russia are well adapted to growing the beets. In the picture is shown a group of Swedish women busy weeding a large field of sugar beets. This is not a strange sight, for women in most European countries work on the farms. You will notice the little weeders each of them holds, and the careful way they work. When the beets are larger, hoes or cultivators are used. When mature, the beets are pulled, and hauled to a factory. There the juice is taken out of them, and made into sugar. The field pictured is in southern Sweden. Most of the farms of Sweden are very small. In many cases they are only little garden strips. This is partly because of a Swedish law that requires all lands to be divided equally among the children on the death of the parents. Keystone ID: 13017 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon
Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon
Long before we were human beings on the earth, there stood, where this peak now is, a mountain now called Mount Mazoma. Mount Mazoma was only one of the many great volcanoes in the range of Mount Baker, Mount Rainier (r-nr´), Mount Adams, Mount Lassen, Mount Hood, and Mount Shasta were a part. It was these volcanoes that built up the Cascade Mountains, by their vomitings of lava. In an eruption Mount Rainier blew its own top off. Mount Mazoma did something even more wonderful. It swallowed itself. That is, its outpourings of lava opened such a great cave beneath its center, that its whole top fell in. But the volcano was still active. It cast up 2 or 3 peaks within the great crater formed by the sinking of the main peak. As the volcano cooled, the crater filled with water. It formed what is now called Crater Lake. One of these little peaks is shown in the view. It is called Wizard Island. Crater Lake is a generally round body of water with a diameter of about 5½ miles. In some places its depth is 2,000 feet. The lake has no outlet. It is supposed that its waters escape underground and reappear in the Klamath River a few miles away. The little cone of Wizard Island also has a crater which is 150 feet deep. The Indians believed that two great spirits warred about this spot. The animals in the lake were the friends of one spirit and the animals in the near-by marsh land were the friends of the other spirit. Finally the marsh spirit killed the lake spirit and threw parts of the body into the water. The animals in the lake ate all the pieces but the head. This head, according to the Indian tale, is Wizard Island. Keystone ID: 14103 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Winding Bobbins With Woolen Yarn, Philadelphia, P.A.
Winding Bobbins With Woolen Yarn, Philadelphia, P.A.
In the manufacture of wooden cloth the processes are many, but they are really simple. Briefly stated, they are as follows. The fibers of the wool are cleaned, straightened, and twisted into threads. These threads are put into looms, one set running lengthwise. Crosswise threads are shot between the lengthwise threads by shuttles. The 2 sets of threads are beaten together finally, and cloth is thus formed. When the wool comes to the factory it must first be sorted. This is to get the fibers of different lengths and qualities in the same groups. From these different groups different qualities of cloth will be woven. The wool is next scoured to clean it of its grease and dirt. The scoured wool goes to the carding machine which separates the fibers from each other. Then comes the combing which takes out the curl from the fibers and which also lays them parallel to each other. Then follows the drawing. This draws the layers out and combines them with other layers until at last the fibers become roving. Roving is a loose, thick thread which has little strength, because the fibers are merely laid side by side and scarcely twisted. The roving is twisted to the right size so that the fibers lie closely together. This gives them their strength. It is at this point that the process shown begins. As the yarn is spun it is wound on the bobbins that you see here. The bobbins that are intended to be used in the warp, or the lengthwise threads of the cloth, are sent to the dressing room to be placed on a loom ready for weaving. The yarn used for the cross threads, or weft, is wound on small bobbins and sent to the weft room. Trace one of the threads that is being wound on a bobbin. Keystone ID: 22128 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Winding Bobbins in Linen Mill, Montreal, Canada
Winding Bobbins in Linen Mill, Montreal, Canada
Linen is a cloth made of the fibers of flax. We find mention of linen clothes and of flax in our earliest writings. In some of the dwellings of the ancients that have been unearthed, bundles of flax have been discovered. At present, flax is cultivated for its seed and for its fibers. Most of the flax grown in the United States and in India is raised for its seed. From the seed, is extracted oil used in paints, oilcloth, and linoleum. In Russia, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Italy, Scotland, and Ireland Flax is grown for its fiber. Nearly all the flax that is used in making clothes is grown in Europe. Russia produces 80% of it. Full-grown flax has a slender, straight stem about waist high. When it is to be used for its fiber, it is cut before it is ripe. The flax is pulled, tied in bundles, and the seeds are pulled off. Then the bundles are laid in piles, are retted, or rotted, until the woody portion is decayed. This outer, woody part is taken off by hand, or run through scutching machines. The freed fibers are then tied into bundles and shipped to spinning and weaving mills. The first process in the weaving is to heckle the fibers. In this process the long fibers are combed from the short fibers. Then the fibers are sorted and coiled into bundles known as slivers. After the fibers have been drawn to the proper length, they are placed in the roving machine here shown. You see the hanks of roving hanging on the right. The woman on the left is placing one of the hanks in the mill on a spindle. From these spindles the thread is wound on the bobbins. You see thousands of these bobbins on the top of the machine. The white ones are wound with thread. The dark ones are empty. Keystone ID: 20927 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
White-faced Hereford Cattle
White-faced Hereford Cattle
Breeds of animals often get their names from the places where they have started or are best known. For example, Jersey cattle came from the island of Jersey. Southdown sheep came from the country of the same name in England. Clydesdale horses were raised first along the river Clyde in Scotland. Hereford (hr -frd) cattle get their name in the same manner. The county of Hereford is one of the western tier of counties in England, next to Wales. It was there or near there that this famous breed of cattle had its beginning. That was a long time ago, for the Hereford is one of the oldest of the English cattle breeds. This breed became well known from 1750 to 1800 because of a few cattle raisers. These men, under the lead of Benjamin Tomkins and his son, produced a fine quality of cattle by careful breeding. Today, Hereford cattle are raised wherever beef is produced. Herefords are striking in their colors. Their bodies are reddish, and their faces, necks, and part of their legs are white. The cows have short upturned horns. The horns of the bull curve downwards. Herefords are especially good beef cattle. They are not noted as milk producers. They are hardy, and thrive in the open. As you see by the calf her pictured they take on fat early. They are therefore a fine veal breed. Observe the width between the forelegs of the cow to the left; their short legs. The hips are not heavy. Observe the white markings. What other breeds of beef cattle do you know of? Name a dairy breed. Look at the view carefully and then write down all the peculiar points you observe about these Herefords. What breeds of cattle are raised in your country? Keystone ID: 21561 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
White Leghorn Hens on Egg Farm, Bound Brook, N.J.
White Leghorn Hens on Egg Farm, Bound Brook, N.J.
If you were to add the values of all the gold, all the silver, all the iron, all the coats that mined each year in the United States, the total would just about equal the value of the poultry and eggs we produce in this country in the same time. In other words, our poultry and eggs amount yearly to about $750,000,000. There is another way of stating this same fact. The value of our poultry product each year is exceeded only by the following items: corn, dairy products, beef, cattle, cotton, swine, and wheat. Every year the production of eggs amounts to 20,000,000,000 in number. About two-thirds of the income from poultry on the farm is from eggs. The meat and the feathers make up the other third. By far the greatest item in the poultry industry is chickens. Ninety-five per cent of the poultry of the United States is chickens. Geese rank second, with one and one-half per cent. The corn-growing states lead in poultry products. Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, and Iowa lead in the order named. Most of our chickens are raised in small numbers by farmers' wives. But the industry has become specialized as well. Many chicken farms have sprung up in all parts of the country. The view shows a modern laying house in which you see great numbers of White Leghorn hens. These hens are carefully fed a certain ration. They have runways in the open and buildings in which to roost. On such farms the eggs are crated and shipped directly to markets. Some are kept from which to raise chicks in incubators and brooders. The time of the hen is on longer used to sit on the eggs or to take care of the little chicks. Machines do this work for her. Keystone ID: 16717 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
When the Frost in on the Pun'kin, and the Fodders in the Shock, Indiana
When the Frost in on the Pun'kin, and the Fodders in the Shock, Indiana
Here is a genuine fall scene in the country. You could almost walk across the cornfield by stepping from pumpkin to pumpkin. In the background are some fodder shocks, and beyond this lies the apple orchard. It is "gathering-in" time in the fall. In the bright days of autumn when the frost glitters in the early morning, farmers begin to gather in the crops. James Whitcomb Riley, the Indiana poet, thought this the best time of the year. He tells about it in the poem that is the subject of this description. You have doubtless read others of poems such as "When the Flag Goes By," "The Old Swimmin' Hole," "Out to Old Aunt Mary's." Riley was born in 1853 at Greenfield, Indiana. He had only a common school education. Then he went as an assistant to a patent medicine man. Later he began writing verse for the Indianapolis papers. He soon became popular as the "Hoosier Poet," and is known all over the world where people like the poetry of common things. He died in 1916. Whittier also wrote a poem on the pumpkin: * * * * From his home in the north. On the fields of his harvest the Yankee looks forth, Where crook-necks are curling and yellow fruit shines, And the sun of September melts down on his vines. * * * * What moistens the lip and what brightens the eye? What calls back the past like the rich pumpkin pie? * * * * * When wild, ugly faces we carved in its skin, Glaring out through the dark with a candle within! The last lines refer to Hallowe'en when the shell of the pumpkin is used to make a head in which a candle is set. Keystone ID: 16755 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Westminster Abbey, London, England
Westminster Abbey, London, England
Westminster Abbey is the greatest of modern tombs. Here the great dead of England sleep the last long sleep. The word generally used to describe it is "magnificent." But its magnificence is of the quiet kind that makes its visitors speak to each other in whispers. It is church and monument in one. It has about int the quiet of death softened by the chant of the choir. Westminster Abbey stands on ground where a temple of worship has stood since the time of the Romans. The first Abbey was built by Edward the Confessor in 1049-1065. It has nearly all been built over since then. Henry III and Henry VIII rebuilt much of it. The famous builder, Sir Christopher Wren, planned the two towers, one of which you see. These were built in the eighteenth century. One thus sees in the building different kinds of architecture. But in te main it is built after the Gothic fashion. Inside the stained glass windows soften the light. The sound of the street and shut cut by the heavy walls. Rows of tombs, groups of monuments, and great carved figures are in the broad aisles. Flags are draped on the walls. In one spot Queen Elizabeth lies. Near by is the grave of Queen Mary. Rulers, statesmen, warriors, and poets are here honored in death. The place most visited in the Poets' Corner. Chaucer, Spenser, Sheridan, Macaulay, Dickens, Browning, Tennyson, and many other authors are buried near each other. There is a monument to Shakespeare, who is buried elsewhere. Many men have written about the glories of England's most famous Abbey; but no one has written so well as Washington Irving. It will pay you to read in his Sketch Book the short description of "Westminster Abbey." Keystone ID: 3002 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Weighing and Sorting Raw Silk Skeins, South Manchester, Conn.
Weighing and Sorting Raw Silk Skeins, South Manchester, Conn.
This shows one of the first processes in the manufacture of silk in the United States. This is the room in the factory in which the bales of raw silk are opened. All of our raw silk comes from abroad. By far the most of this comes from eastern and southeastern Asia, particularly from the countries of Japan and China. In these countries the silkworms are grown and do there weaving. The threads of the cocoons which they weave are unwound and spun into tiny threads of yarn. These threads are made up into skeins such as you see in the view. This is known as raw, or reeled silk, as against manufactured silk; that is, silk made up into goods. Before the raw silk leaves Japan, for example, it is carefully weighed and graded. Raw silk absorbs a great deal of moisture, and this must be taken into account in the weighing. The skeins are re-reeled to find out the number of broken threads. Naturally, the more broken threads, the less valuable the silk is. The first thing to be done in the American factory is to check up these weights and gradings. It is this that the woman is doing. On her testing depends the price that the manufacturer pays to the importer. We import far more silk into this country than is brought into any other. In 1913, the United States used as much raw silk as England, France, Germany, and Italy together. The total consumption amounted to 235,400,000 pounds. To make one of these pounds of raw silk, from 2,500 to 3,000 cocoons have to be used. The filament in each pound is about 6,000 yards long. Separate these threads into single strands, and the strands of one pound of raw silk amounts to almost 1,000 miles. Keystone ID: 20301 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Weaving Taffeta Silk Ribbons, Paterson, N.J.
Weaving Taffeta Silk Ribbons, Paterson, N.J.
Silk ribbons are woven in the same fashion as broadgoods. The chief difference is due to the narrower width of ribbons. On one loom from 20 to 30 ribbons may be woven at the same time. The warp is placed on a beam that is only a large spool in size. The threads of the woof are shot through the warp by a shuttle only a few inches long. Each ribbon has its own shuttle. The view shows clearly how weaving is done. You can see the warp coming through from the beam to the extreme left. You can also see the threads of the warp separated so the shuttle can pass through. How many ribbons do you count on this loom? When the ribbons are woven, they are wound into rolls. These you see at the foot of the loom. Paterson manufactures more silk than any other city in the world. It is a city of 125,000 people. It early became a factory center because of the falls of the Passaic River. The water power was harnessed; and the nearness of a good market and a fine harbor caused the silk industry to flourish. Much silk is manufactured in many cities of New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. The largest silk factory in the world is at South Manchester, Conn. The many miles of this factory have 36 acres of floor space, and employ nearly 5,000 workmen. It uses about $4,000,000 worth of raw silk every year. The United States easily leads all other countries in silk manufacture. We have about 900 factories. The annual payroll of the workers in these factories is about $4,000,000. In 1915 they imported raw silk valued at $30,000,000. In the same year we also imported $25,000,000 of manufactured silks. Keystone ID: 22112 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Weaving Room, Silk Mills, Paterson, N.J.
Weaving Room, Silk Mills, Paterson, N.J.
After the silken threads from the cocoons are spun into yarn, they may be dyed or used plain. The next big process in silk manufacture is the weaving. The threads are first drawn from the spools of yarn to make the warp. The warp is the body of threads that run lengthwise in a piece of cloth. The yarn is drawn on large reels so the threads lie singly side by side in straight rows. These threads may be 1500 feet in length. The warp is as wide as the piece of cloth is to be made. The threads are drawn from the reel on a beam. This beam will afterwards be placed in the loom. The threads are thenm "harnessed" so each will have its own little path through eyelets. If a thread becomes tangles or is broken, the weaving stops. This is the reason that such care is taken in preparing the warp. Finally the beam and the harnessings are set into the looms. Weaving any kind of cloth consists in intercrossing two sets of threads. The threads in the warp run lengthwise. The crosswise threads are shot under, over, and through the warp by shuttles. These threads are called the woof or weft. The yarn of silk woof is generally loosely woven. It is wound upon a quill, and the quill fits inside a shuttle. As the shuttle goes back and forth, the yarn unwinds as fast as it is needed. The view shows a great battery of looms thundering away. The clattering of the thousands of shuttles sounds like the noise of a battle with rifles. To and fro fly the shuttles as the threads of the warp are lifted. Up flashed the reeds to push the woof tightly against the warp. The machines that so this appear to be human. But sometimes a thread breaks, and the shuttles must be filled. The workmen must be on the lookout. Keystone ID: 22111 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Weaving Linen Fabric, Montreal, Canada
Weaving Linen Fabric, Montreal, Canada
After the bobbins are filled they are sent to the weaving room. You can see a number of looms busy weavin When sugar beets are pulled, their tops are cut off, and their roots are stacked in great piles. Sometimes these piles are made in the fields where they are grown, and the beets are hauled later to the sugar factory. Such piles are to be seen frequently in Colorado, where there is little rainfall. The heaps are often higher than a man's head, and cover large areas of ground. The roots must be stored indoors before frost comes. They usually are hauled to the factory, where they are dumped into bins such as you see. The beets here have been unloaded from freight cars, into the storage shed. The bins inside these sheds are V-shaped. At the bottom of the bin are little canals through which a stream of water runs to carry the beets to a large washing drum. This drum is partly filled with water. As it turns over and over, the beets are thoroughly washed. You will observe that this pile consists of tons and tons of beets. They are larger than the garden beet, and more irregular in form. They look here somewhat like huge, pointed sweet potatoes. The channel in which the water flows is directly beneath the little valley that extends between the beet ridges the entire length of the shed. After the beets are washed they fall into a chute which carries them to the floor below. Here they drop into a huge slicer, equipped with large knives that revolve from 100 to 150 times a minute. These cut the beets into strips or slices. Different methods are used in different factories to extract the juice from the slices. In some factories the pieces are run through presses, and the juice is squeezed out the same way that cider is squeezed from apples. But there is a less expensive way shown in view 271. The processes of weaving linen are much the same as those of weaving cotton goods. Our great-grandmothers spun by hand many fine pieces of linen for dress goods, and for great-grandfather's pantaloons. The spinning was done on spinning wheels run by the foot. Cloth was woven on hand looms. The methods of weaving in our large factories to-day are much the same as those our great-grandmothers used. One set of linen fibers runs to the loom length-wise. This is called the warp. It is the threads of the warp that you see coming down from the floor above. Each of these threads passes through an eye fastened to a pair of heddles. Each thread then runs between fine wires, set in a narrow, oblong frame. These wires are called reeds. The eyes and the reeds prevent the threads of the warp from becoming tangled. Linen is made as other cloths are made, by shooting the threads of woof cross-wise through the threads of the warp. As one of the heddles lifts its set of threads, the shuttle bearing the threads of the woof travels across between the layers. Then the first heddle drops, and the second rises. The threads of the woof are again shot across. In this way, the fabric is woven very smoothly and very rapidly. They are some linen factories in the United States and in Canada, but the greatest of these are in Europe. Throughout the Netherlands, France, Austria, Great Britain, and Ireland are large linen mills. The linens of Belgium are especially fine. Here are made laces and handkerchiefs. France excels in cambrics and lawns. Keystone ID: 20932 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wawona Tree, Mariposa Grove, Yosemite Valley
Wawona Tree, Mariposa Grove, Yosemite Valley
The Yosemite National Park contains three groves of sequoias (s-kwoi´ås) , the big trees of California. One of the trees is 204 feet high and 292 in diameter. The one you see is not so large as that. The sequoias are of two species, the big trees and the redwoods. The big trees are the largest and oldest trees in America. Many of them are in the Sequoias National Park on the upper slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and in the General Grant National Park six miles distant. In these two parks are 1,660,000 sequoias. Twelve thousand of these are more than ten feet in diameter. Many of the largest ones have been named. There is a General Sherman tree, a General Grant tree, an Abraham Lincoln tree, a George Washington tree, and so on. It takes a long time to determine exactly the age of these trees. This is done by counting the rings from the heart to the bark. On one of the old, fallen trees, John Muir (mr), the naturalist, counted 4,000 rings. The oldest living thing in the world is the General Sherman tree. Because it is standing, it is impossible to count the rings, but it is probably 3,500 years old. In other words, it was a little bush 1,500 years before the time of Christ. It was a small sapling when the Pyramids of Egypt were built. The sequoias are not only big and old, but they are also stately. They are regularly formed, and the trunks do not have branches on them for the first 100 or 150 feet from the ground. Then great, stubby limbs shoot out from all sides. It is a cone-bearing tree, and its foliage is therefore feathery and very thick. Its bark is cinnamon-brown in color. Keystone ID: 5006 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed. -
Wash Day, Nice, France
Wash Day, Nice, France
Nice (ns) lies on the Riviera (r-vyâ´ rä) or that part of the Mediterranean (md -tr-´ n-n) between Cannes (kån) and Genoa (jn´ -å). It is a noted winter resort. It is a city of 150,000 population, well situated on a broad bay. It is divided into two sections by a stream. On the one side is the old section of the town. The new part, on the other side, is called the Strangers' Quarter. Here are the homes of the winter comers. The Old Town is of more interest to us than is the fashionable section. Most of the streets are narrow. You would call them alley-ways or narrow lanes. Here dwell the natives of Nice. Here was born the famous Italian patriot, Garibaldi (gä´ r-bäl´ d). The stream that flows through Nice is one of its interesting features. In dry weather it is only a slight creek with a broad stony bed. But it is a treacherous bit of water. It rises in the mountains back of Nice and flows down the slopes to the sea very rapidly. Heavy rainstorms often occur in these mountains. Immediately the creek becomes a torrent. Woe then to the boatman who pays no attention to weather; or worse yet to the dozens of women washing clothes in the creek. The flood sweeps over everything in its path. Many women have thus been drowned. Now there is a watcher who signals a rise in the river. When the danger signal appears, there is a scramble for the upland. You might think this scene an unusual one even for Nice. It is not. You are not visiting here on a Monday! Any week day is a washday in Nice. The peasant women carry their bundles of clothes to the side of the stream, and proceed with the washing. Great clothes lines are set up on the banks, and these lines are usually filled with garments. Keystone ID: 11766 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.
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